{"id":8852,"date":"2024-11-15T15:50:55","date_gmt":"2024-11-15T15:50:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/?p=8852"},"modified":"2024-11-15T15:50:57","modified_gmt":"2024-11-15T15:50:57","slug":"interpretimi-i-vullnetit-te-testatorit-ne-aspektin-e-cenimit-te-rezerves-ligjore-dhe-pasojave-qe-rjedhin-per-shkak-te-ketij-disponimi-sipas-ligjit-shqiptar-dhe-atij-gjerman-analize-mbeshtetur-ne-ju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/interpretimi-i-vullnetit-te-testatorit-ne-aspektin-e-cenimit-te-rezerves-ligjore-dhe-pasojave-qe-rjedhin-per-shkak-te-ketij-disponimi-sipas-ligjit-shqiptar-dhe-atij-gjerman-analize-mbeshtetur-ne-ju\/","title":{"rendered":"Interpretimi i vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit, n\u00eb aspektin e c\u00ebnimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs ligjore dhe pasojave q\u00eb rjedhin p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebtij disponimi sipas ligjit shqiptar dhe atij gjerman. (analiz\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb jurisprudenc\u00eb)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol start=\"1\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Q\u00ebndrimi doktrinor n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri dhe n\u00eb Gjermani mbi konceptin e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore (n\u00eb vend t\u00eb hyrjes)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Instituti i rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb ka p\u00ebsuar disa her\u00eb ndryshime, kjo edhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb periudhave politike n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ka kaluar vendi. Kjo ka b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos kemi vazhdim\u00ebsi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e trajtimit t\u00eb tij dhe p\u00ebr rjedhoj\u00eb edhe jurisprudenc\u00eb t\u00eb konsoliduar. Ndryshe ndodh n\u00eb sistemin gjerman, ku instrumentat ligjor\u00eb, e sidomos aktet e kodifikuara kan\u00eb pasur q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebri n\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb doktrina juridike, ka luajtur nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Sipas Kodit Civil t\u00eb vitit 1929, rezerva ligjore, p\u00ebrcaktohej, si e drejt\u00eb e t\u00eb paslindurve legjitim\u00eb, t\u00eb t\u00eb paralindurve dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve dhe motrave t\u00eb <em>de cuius<\/em>-it, q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitonin pjes\u00ebt e tyre, n\u00eb pasurin\u00eb trash\u00ebgimore, pjes\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat, <em>de cuius<\/em>-i, nuk mund t\u2019i dispononte me testament dhe as t\u2019u ngarkonte atyre ndonj\u00eb barr\u00eb apo kusht.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>]<\/sup> Subjekte p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs ligjore ishin f\u00ebmij\u00ebt legjitim\u00eb t\u00eb <em>de cuius<\/em>-it, t\u00eb paslindurit e tij, t\u00eb paralindurit si dhe v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit e motrat e trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsit. Rregullimi i saj kryhej n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb llojit t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtarit dhe numrit t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve subjekte p\u00ebrfitues.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>] <\/sup>Nj\u00eb institut garantist brenda konceptit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, ishte edhe &#8220;kuota e padisponueshme&#8221;. Sipas k\u00ebtij parashikimi, testatori, nuk mund t\u00eb c\u00ebnonte jo vet\u00ebm me testament, por as me akte t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb dhurimit apo veprime t\u00eb tjera juridiko civile, pjes\u00ebn e trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve q\u00eb garantoheshin nga rezerva ligjore.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn3\" id=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>]<\/sup> Referuar legjislacionit t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, &#8220;kuota e padisponueshme&#8221;, p\u00ebrb\u00ebn edhe kufizimin e vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit, pjes\u00eb t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb e cila dilte nga vullneti i tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb disponuar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koncepti i garancis\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kategori t\u00eb caktuar subjektesh, nuk ka ndryshuar as sot, megjithat\u00eb duhet t\u00eb pranojm\u00eb q\u00eb kemi nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb fort\u00eb nga parashikimet e Kodit Civil t\u00eb vitit 1982. Sipas Kodit Civil, rezerva ligjore \u00ebsht\u00eb parashikuar si detyrim i trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsit mbi baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb cilit ai, me an\u00eb t\u00eb testamentit nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtoj\u00eb nga trash\u00ebgimia f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tij t\u00eb mitur, t\u00eb paslindurit e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb mitur, n\u00eb rastet kur ata trash\u00ebgojn\u00eb me z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim, personat e paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn4\" id=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>] <\/sup>Garancia q\u00eb i ofrohet &#8220;trash\u00ebgimtarit t\u00eb paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb&#8221;, i p\u00ebrket pik\u00ebrisht ndikimit t\u00eb kodit t\u00eb vitit 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Referuar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs gjermane, ajo ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb ngjashm\u00ebri me parashikimet e Kodit Civil t\u00eb 1929. Instituti i rezerv\u00ebs ligjore (<em>Pflichtteil<\/em>) konsiderohet si nj\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb e trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk mund t\u00eb privohen nga pasuria e trash\u00ebgimtarit. Rezerva ligjore i referohet nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtarit q\u00eb ai nuk mund ta disponoj\u00eb me vullnetin e tij, por q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb mbetet p\u00ebr trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebt sipas parashikimeve q\u00eb ka b\u00ebr\u00eb vet\u00eb ligji. Sipas parashikimeve t\u00eb Kodit Civil Gjerman (nenet 1922 &#8211; 1936), p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore f\u00ebmij\u00ebt si pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtarit, bashk\u00ebshorti\/ja dhe n\u00ebse nuk ka asnj\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtar nga t\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrmit, do t\u00eb thirren prind\u00ebrit.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn5\" id=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>]<\/sup> Sipas ligjit gjerman, fillimisht duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohen rrethi i trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve dhe atyre q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva, pastaj b\u00ebhet evidentimi i pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb trash\u00ebgueshme duke i zbritur pasurin\u00eb e cila do ti mbetet rrethit t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva. Kjo pasuri e trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsit, nuk hyn n\u00eb pasurin\u00eb e disponueshme p\u00ebr trash\u00ebgim.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>]<\/sup> Ligji gjerman, ashtu si ligji shqiptar i 1929, ka parashikim t\u00eb shprehur mbi konceptin e &#8220;kuot\u00ebs s\u00eb padisponueshme\/<em>unpf\u00e4ndbaren Teil<\/em>&#8220;, e cila nuk mund te jete objekt i testamentit apo donacioneve\/dhurimeve, dhe eshte e destinuar te mbetet ne duart e trashegimtareve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore. Kjo pjes\u00eb e pasuris\u00eb trash\u00ebgimore, p\u00ebrcaktohet nga rrethi i trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve, numri i tyre dhe madh\u00ebsia e pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb trash\u00ebgim.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn7\" id=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>]<\/sup> Kjo lloj kuote, brenda pasuris\u00eb trash\u00ebgimore, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga rastet e kufizimit gati absolut t\u00eb vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb disponuar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si konkluzion paraprak mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb trajtes\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr teorike, mund t\u00eb shprehemi se instituti i rezerv\u00ebs ligjore sipas legjislacionit gjerman \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb garantist lidhur me pjes\u00ebt takuese t\u00eb subjekteve q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore. Instrumentat e kuot\u00ebs s\u00eb padisponueshme apo edhe p\u00ebrcaktimi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb pasuris\u00eb sipas numrit t\u00eb subjekteve p\u00ebrfitues, kufizon vullnetin e testatorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb disponuar lirisht t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pasurin\u00eb e tij. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, siguria juridike p\u00ebr garantimin e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, n\u00eb juridiksionin gjerman, duket m\u00eb e lart\u00eb dhe kufizimi i vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit, duket m\u00eb qart\u00ebsisht i shprehur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, mes legjislacioneve tona, ka nj\u00eb dallim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb rrethin e subjekteve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore dhe kufizojn\u00eb vullnetin e testatorit n\u00eb disponim. N\u00eb legjislacionin ton\u00eb, kufizimi b\u00ebhet p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mitur dhe nj\u00eb subjekt specifik si &#8220;personi i paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb&#8221;, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb sipas ligjit gjerman, kufizimi prek vet\u00ebm rrethin e ngusht\u00eb familjar. Sipas legjislacionit gjerman, marrin mbrojtje t\u00eb posa\u00e7me raportet familjare, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb sipas legjislacionit ton\u00eb, njihen garanci edhe p\u00ebr subjekte q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrfishen domosdoshm\u00ebrisht n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet familjare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Q\u00ebndrim i jurisprudenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb mbi rezerv\u00ebn ligjore<sup>[<a id=\"_ftnref8\" href=\"#_ftn8\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/a>]<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakta konfliktet gjyq\u00ebsore p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtje q\u00eb lidhen me rezerv\u00ebn ligjore. Megjithat\u00eb s\u00eb fundi, Gjykata e Lart\u00eb ka mbajtur disa q\u00ebndrime t\u00eb cilat mundohen t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb rrethin e subjekteve dhe t\u00eb drejtat q\u00eb burojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore. Nj\u00eb rast interesant i paraqitur p\u00ebr shqyrtim n\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebn e Lart\u00eb, kishte t\u00eb b\u00ebnte me p\u00ebrjashtimin nga testatori t\u00eb nj\u00ebrit prej f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb saj nga trash\u00ebgimia. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tij t\u00eb mitur, u kishte l\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00ebn 30,000 lek\u00eb si trash\u00ebgim. Gjykata e Lart\u00eb me vendimin nr. 523, dat\u00eb 07.12.2022 n\u00eb shqyrtimin e \u00e7\u00ebshtjes, merr n\u00eb analiz\u00eb konceptin e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore p\u00ebr trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebt e mitur q\u00eb thirren me z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim edhe kur trash\u00ebgimtari n\u00eb vij\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga trash\u00ebgimia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Duke interpretuar nenin 361\/2 t\u00eb Kodit Civil, ajo arsyetoi se rrethi i personave q\u00eb mund t\u00eb thirren n\u00eb trash\u00ebgim me z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim, pa kufizim jan\u00eb: <em>i<\/em>. f\u00ebmij\u00ebt\/t\u00eb paslindurit e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb paravdekur t\u00eb trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsit; <em>ii<\/em>. f\u00ebmij\u00ebt\/t\u00eb paslindurit e trash\u00ebgimtarit t\u00eb padenj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb trash\u00ebguar; <em>iii<\/em>. f\u00ebmij\u00ebt\/t\u00eb paslindurit e trash\u00ebgimtarit q\u00eb ka hequr dor\u00eb nga trash\u00ebgimia dhe <em>iv<\/em>. f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mitur\/t\u00eb paslindurit e trash\u00ebgimtarit ligjor t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga trash\u00ebgimia. Sipas Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb kategori subjektesh \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur p\u00ebrjashtimi nga trash\u00ebgimia, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimit nga rezerva ligjore n\u00eb cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e t\u00eb miturit. Sipas q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb, vullneti i testatorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb disponuar pasurin\u00eb e tij trash\u00ebgimore, do t\u00eb kufizohet n\u00ebse kemi n\u00eb rrethin e trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve f\u00ebmij\u00eb t\u00eb mitur, qofshin k\u00ebta edhe t\u00eb thirur me z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim, n\u00eb vendin e dikujt t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga trash\u00ebgimia. Duke b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb interpretim q\u00ebllimor t\u00eb nenit 379 t\u00eb Kodit Civil, \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehur se synimi i rezerv\u00ebs ligjore n\u00eb dobi t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb mbrojtja e t\u00eb miturve, qoft\u00eb kur ata jan\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mitur t\u00eb trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsit, qoft\u00eb kur ata jan\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb t\u00eb mitur t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tij. Sanksioni q\u00eb vendos Kodi Civil n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, \u00ebsht\u00eb pavlefshm\u00ebria e veprimit, p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebn q\u00eb disponon mbi kuot\u00ebn q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitonte f\u00ebmija i mitur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje tjet\u00ebr, mjaft interesante Gjykata e Lart\u00eb me vendimin nr. 481, dat\u00eb 16.11.2022 ka interpretuar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e personit t\u00eb paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar pjes\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi. Gjykata e Lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehur se, trash\u00ebgimtar i paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb dhe q\u00eb g\u00ebzon mbrojtje nga rezerva ligjore sipas nenit 371 t\u00eb Kodit Civil do t\u00eb konsiderohet personi q\u00eb: <em>i<\/em>. b\u00ebn pjes\u00eb n\u00eb rradh\u00ebn e trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve q\u00eb thirren n\u00eb trash\u00ebgim dhe q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb padenj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb trash\u00ebguar, dhe <em>ii<\/em>. ka mbushur mosh\u00ebn e k\u00ebrkuar (60 vje\u00e7 p\u00ebr burrat dhe 55 vje\u00e7 p\u00ebr grat\u00eb) ose \u00ebsht\u00eb invalid, pavar\u00ebsisht faktit n\u00ebse ka bashk\u00ebjetuar apo jo me trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsin. K\u00ebto kushte duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kumulative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb dyja vendimet Gjykata e Lart\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb rrethit t\u00eb subjekteve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore, \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehur edhe lidhur me pasojat q\u00eb do t\u00eb ket\u00eb testamenti n\u00eb rast t\u00eb disponimit mbi pjes\u00ebn e garantuar p\u00ebr rezervatar\u00ebt. Gjykata e Lart\u00eb ka mbajtur q\u00ebndrimin se disponimi mbi pjes\u00ebn e garantuar nga rezerva ligjore, \u00e7on n\u00eb pavlefshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e pjesshme t\u00eb testamentit si veprim juridik i nj\u00ebansh\u00ebm, pasi pjesa e disponimeve me testament q\u00eb do i takonte rezervatarit ligjor, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se do t\u00eb zbatohej trash\u00ebgima ligjore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Duke pasur parasysh edhe interpretimet q\u00eb ka b\u00ebr\u00eb mbi subjektet q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore, arijm\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se, sipas legjislacionit shqiptar, nuk ka nj\u00eb kufizim paraprak t\u00eb vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit p\u00ebr disponimin me testament. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb rastet kur testamenti disponon apo harron t\u00eb disponoj\u00eb mbi subjekte q\u00eb mbrohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb posa\u00e7me nga ligji, ajo pjes\u00eb e testamentit apo e gjitha, mund t\u00eb goditet p\u00ebr pavlefshm\u00ebri. Vestet e k\u00ebsaj natyre, jan\u00eb t\u00eb karakterit absolut dhe \u00e7do subjekt q\u00eb pretendon se \u00ebsht\u00eb prekur n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfituar nga trash\u00ebgimia, mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00eb gjyq\u00ebsore, &#8220;korrektimin&#8221; e vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit. P\u00ebrfundimisht mund t\u00eb shprehemi se sipas legjislacionit shqiptar, vullneti i testatorit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb absolut p\u00ebr t\u00eb disponuar pasurin\u00eb e tij trash\u00ebgimore, por ai kufizohet nga parashikimet e ligjit, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kategori t\u00eb caktuar subjektesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Q\u00ebndrim i jurisprudenc\u00ebs gjermane mbi rezerv\u00ebn ligjore <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb, jurisprudenca gjermane \u00ebsht\u00eb me e plot\u00eb mbi \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs ligjore dhe garancive p\u00ebr trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebt dhe pasojat n\u00eb rast t\u00eb shkeljes s\u00eb parashikimeve t\u00eb ligjit. N\u00eb vijim, do t\u00eb trajtojm\u00eb disa \u00e7\u00ebshtje q\u00eb lidhen me garancit\u00eb q\u00eb ofron rezerva ligjore sipas t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs gjermane dhe interpretimet q\u00eb ka b\u00ebr\u00eb jurisprudenca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e ngjashme me rastin nga praktika jon\u00eb, vjen nga jurisprudenca gjermane, ku Gjykata e Lart\u00eb Federale e Gjermanis\u00eb, mori n\u00eb shqyrtim \u00e7\u00ebshtjen n\u00ebse trash\u00ebgimtari, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtoj\u00eb nga testamenti shprehimisht mbes\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb mitur. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, gjykata u shpreh se vullneti i testatorit \u00ebsht\u00eb i kufizuar nga parashikimet e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore dhe ato nuk mund t\u00eb thyhen nga disponimet e b\u00ebra me stestament. N\u00eb arsyetimin e vendimit, gjykata shprehet se rezerva ligjore, p\u00ebrcaktohet nga ligji p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar se pas vdekjes s\u00eb trash\u00ebgiml\u00ebn\u00ebsit, nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb rrezik q\u00eb persona t\u00eb cil\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb mbrohen p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb cil\u00ebsive t\u00eb tyre, t\u00eb ken\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr ndihm\u00ebn sociale. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, ajo ka p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb ndaj\u00eb trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb midis t\u00eb gjith\u00eb subjekteve q\u00eb preken nga trash\u00ebgimia.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn9\" id=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>]<\/sup> N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vendim, jurisprudenca gjermane e ka p\u00ebrkufizuar institutin e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore si nj\u00eb dimension social, e p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit, duhet kufizuar vullneti i testatorit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00eb nj\u00eb rast tjet\u00ebr, Gjykata e Lart\u00eb Federale e ka lidhur institutin e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore me elemnt t\u00eb interesit publik. N\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje ku trash\u00ebgimtari kishte disponuar me testament pasurin\u00eb e tij n\u00eb favor t\u00eb disa organizatave bamir\u00ebse, duke p\u00ebrjashtuar n\u00eb heshtje f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tij, gjykata e ka vler\u00ebsuar t\u00eb pavlefsh\u00ebm testamentin. N\u00eb arsyetimin e vendimit gjykata shprehet se rezerva ligjore, si nj\u00eb form\u00eb e mbrojtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb trashegimtar\u00ebve, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element i parashikuar nga ligji. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, rezerva ligjore mund t\u00eb konsiderohet se t\u00ebrheq nj\u00eb interes publik. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, vullneti i testatorit ndjek nj\u00eb interes privat, i cili nuk duhet t\u00eb anashkalohet, megjithat\u00eb ai nuk mund t\u00eb bjer\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me parashikimet e rendit publik. K\u00ebshtu, \u00e7do disponim n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me parashikimet e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, do t\u00eb konsiderohet i pavlefsh\u00ebm.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn10\" id=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pavar\u00ebsisht garancive q\u00eb i mbivendosen institutit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, jurisprudenca gjermane \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehur se n\u00eb \u00e7do rast, kur diponohet p\u00ebrtej parashikimeve t\u00eb ligjit, testamenti do t\u00eb goditet p\u00ebr pavlefshm\u00ebri. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb parim q\u00eb vlen p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha llojet e testamentit, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe dhurimet p\u00ebrpara vdekjes, si forma t\u00eb fshehura t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb (<em>Todesf\u00e4llezu\u00ebendung<\/em>), t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb garancive q\u00eb duhet ti ofrohen trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshiehn tek ligji p\u00ebr trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u00ebrmbajtja e dispozitave t\u00eb testamentit duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me dispozitat e ligjit, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe dispozitat p\u00ebr rezerv\u00ebn ligjore. N\u00ebse testamenti nd\u00ebrtohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb shkel\u00eb rezerv\u00ebn ligjore, at\u00ebher\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i pavlefsh\u00ebm n\u00eb mas\u00ebn e shkeljes s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj rezerve. Gjat\u00eb verifikimit t\u00eb pavlefshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb testamentit, gjykata do t\u00eb vler\u00ebsoj\u00eb n\u00ebse dispozitat e testamentit jan\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me dispozitat e ligjit, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe dispozitat p\u00ebr rezerv\u00ebn ligjore. N\u00ebse gjykata vler\u00ebson se testamenti ka shkelur rezerv\u00ebn ligjore, at\u00ebher\u00eb do ta shpall\u00eb at\u00eb si t\u00eb pavlefsh\u00ebm. <strong>Kufizimi i vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit nga rezerva ligjore \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb parim themelor i sistemit t\u00eb trashegimis\u00eb n\u00eb ligjin gjerman.<\/strong> Ky parim synon t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb se trash\u00ebgimia do t\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me d\u00ebshirat e testatorit, por q\u00eb gjithashtu mbrojn\u00eb interesat e trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar nga ligji. Rezerva ligjore \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar k\u00ebt\u00eb mbrojtje dhe kufizon t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e testatorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb disponuar plot\u00ebsisht mbi pron\u00ebn e tij.<sup>[<a href=\"#_ftn11\" id=\"_ftnref11\"><u>[11]<\/u><\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>P\u00ebrfundime<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>instituti i rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, gjen parashikim n\u00eb legjislacionin shqiptar dhe at\u00eb gjerman;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>n\u00eb legjislacionin gjerman vullneti i testatorit \u00ebsht\u00eb i kufizuar shprehimisht mbi pjes\u00eb t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga rezerva ligjore, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb legjislacionin shqiptar edhe pse nuk ka kufizime t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara n\u00eb kuota t\u00eb padisponueshme, ekzistojn\u00eb garancit\u00eb q\u00eb e b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb paprekshme pjes\u00ebn e rezervatarit;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jurisprudenca gjermane, n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb kuptimin e norm\u00ebs, ka interpretuar institutin e rezerv\u00ebs ligjore dhe kufizimin e vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit, duke e lidhur me aspekte t\u00eb interesit publik apo ndjekjen e q\u00ebllimeve sociale. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb jurisprudenca shqiptare, i ka q\u00ebndruar strikt linj\u00ebs s\u00eb legalitetit duke u shprehur p\u00ebr pavlefshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e veprimit q\u00eb c\u00ebnon rezerv\u00ebn ligjore. N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim, t\u00eb dyja legjislacionet e veshin me pavlefshm\u00ebri testamentin e b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb kap\u00ebrcim t\u00eb parashikimeve t\u00eb ligjit mbi rezerv\u00ebn ligjore;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>t\u00eb dyja legjislacionet, lejojn\u00eb kontrollin <em>post factum<\/em> t\u00eb vullnetit t\u00eb testatorit dhe n\u00eb rast c\u00ebnimi t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, lejojn\u00eb &#8220;korrektimin gjyq\u00ebsisht t\u00eb vullnetit&#8221;;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BIBLIOGRAFI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Botime<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ardian Nuni, Luan Hasneziri, &#8220;E Drejta Civile (Trash\u00ebgimia)&#8221;, Tiran\u00eb 2010<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alba Ngresi; Elena Tafa; Emiljano Spahiu; Noel Veizi; Jonida Allushi, &#8220;Kategoria e subjekteve p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb zbatimit t\u00eb Rezerv\u00ebs Ligjore, si trash\u00ebgimtar\u00eb t\u00eb paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb&#8221;, Magjistrati, Shkolla e Magjistratur\u00ebs 2022;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reinhard Zimmermann, &#8220;The Protection of Heirs Under German Law&#8221;, (2008);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Z\u00f6llner, H. (2019). &#8220;Pf\u00e4ndungsfreigrenzen&#8221;. In Festschrift f\u00fcr Hanns Pr\u00fctting C.H. Beck;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Legjislacion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;German Civil Code&#8221; (B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch ose BGB);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kodi Civil i Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vendime Gjyq\u00ebsore<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vendimi nr. 523, dat\u00eb 07.12.2022 i Kolegjit Civil t\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vendimi nr. 481, dat\u00eb 16.11.2022 i Kolegjit Civil t\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vendimi i Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb Federale Gjermane 7 shkurt 1989 (BGHZ 106, 28);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vendimi i Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb Federale Gjermane BGHZ 154, 331 (2003);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vendimi i Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb Federale t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb BGH NJ\u00cb 1997, 1364.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:upper-roman\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Burime n\u00eb internet<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>www.gjykataelarte.gov.al<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>www.bundesgerichtshof.de;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3499075<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/englisch_bgb\/englisch_bgb.html#p0814;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\"><\/a>[[1]] Shiko Neni 536 i Kodit Civil t\u00eb vitit 1929 p\u00ebrcaktonte: &#8220;<em>Rezerva ligjore asht pjes\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi dhe mbi t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, t\u00eb paslindurit, t\u00eb par\u00eblindunit, v\u00ebllaznit dhe motrat kan\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb zotnimi t\u00eb plot\u00eb, dhe testatori nuk mundet m\u2019i vue k\u00ebsaj pjese as ndonj\u00eb barre, ose kondit\u00eb<\/em>&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>[[2]] Shiko Alba Ngresi; Elena Tafa; Emiljano Spahiu; Noel Veizi; Jonida Allushi, &#8220;Kategoria e subjekteve p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb zbatimit t\u00eb Rezerv\u00ebs Ligjore, si trash\u00ebgimtar\u00eb t\u00eb paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb&#8221;, Fq. 13, Shkolla e Magjistratur\u00ebs 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>[[3]] Shiko nenet 532 &#8211; 533 t\u00eb Kodit Civil t\u00eb vitit 1929.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>[[4]] Shiko Ardian Nuni, Luan Hasneziri, &#8220;E Drejta Civile (Trash\u00ebgimia)&#8221;, Tiran\u00eb 2010, Faqe 126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>[[5]] Shiko &#8220;German Civil Code&#8221; (B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch ose BGB).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>[[6]] Shiko Reinhard Zimmermann, &#8220;The Protection of Heirs Under German La\u00eb&#8221;, (2008), https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3499075<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>[[7]] Z\u00f6llner, H. (2019). &#8220;Pf\u00e4ndungsfreigrenzen&#8221;. In Festschrift f\u00fcr Hanns Pr\u00fctting (pp. 1181-1199). C.H. Beck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>[[8]] Analiz\u00eb sipas vendimit nr. 523, dat\u00eb 07.12.2022 t\u00eb Kolegjit Civil t\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb dhe vendimit nr. 481, dat\u00eb 16.11.2022 t\u00eb Kolegjit Civil t\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" id=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>[[9]] Shiko vendimin e Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb Federale Gjermane 7 shkurt 1989 (BGHZ 106, 28).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>[[10]] Shiko vendimin e Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb Federale Gjermane BGHZ 154, 331 (2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" id=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>[[11]] Shiko vendimin e Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb Federale t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb BGH NJ\u00cb 1997, 1364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Instituti i rezerv\u00ebs ligjore, n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb ka p\u00ebsuar disa her\u00eb ndryshime, kjo edhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb periudhave politike n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ka kaluar vendi. Kjo ka b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos kemi vazhdim\u00ebsi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e trajtimit t\u00eb tij dhe p\u00ebr rjedhoj\u00eb edhe jurisprudenc\u00eb t\u00eb konsoliduar. Ndryshe ndodh n\u00eb sistemin gjerman, ku instrumentat ligjor\u00eb, e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8853,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8852"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8854,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8852\/revisions\/8854"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8853"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mustafajlawfirm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}